Table 4 Biomarker assays
Biomarker | Sample | Assay method | Laboratory |
|---|---|---|---|
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) | Serum | MLM Medical Labs (Mönchengladbach, Germany) | |
Bilirubin (TBL) | Serum | ||
Albumin | Serum | ||
Alanine transaminase (ALT) | Serum | ||
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) | Serum | ||
Cytokeratin-18 full length (K18) | EDTA-plasma | Commercial sandwich immunoassay (Peviva) | SIGNATOPE GmbH (Reutlingen, Germany) |
Cytokeratin-18 caspase-cleaved fragment (cc-K18) | EDTA-plasma | Commercial sandwich immunoassay (Peviva) | |
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) | EDTA-plasma | Multiplex immunoprecipitation-nano-liquid chromatography + tandem mass spectrometry (IP-LC–MS/MS) with Orbitrap mass analyzer (Q-Exactive Plus, ThermoFisher) | |
Osteopontin (OPN) | EDTA-plasma | ||
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) | EDTA-plasma | ||
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (MCSF1R) | EDTA-plasma | ||
MicroRNA profile in discovery cohort of 100 DILI and 100 HV | ‘Platelet-poor’ EDTA-plasma | Illumina NGS using RealSeq-biofluids serum/plasma miRNA library kit (Somagenics) [24] | TAmiRNA, Vienna, Austria |
MicroRNA panel in validation cohort (identified candidate biomarkers from discovery cohort) | Commercial RT-qPCR assay | ||
Bile acids | EDTA-plasma | Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (Triple Quad LC/MS, Agilent technologies) [25] | University of Salamanca, Spain |
Sphingolipids | EDTA-plasma | Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (Q-Exactive HRMS, ThermoFisher) [26] | University of Zurich, Switzerland |