Table 2 Quality assessment of included studies
Study | Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) | Blinding outcome assessment (detection bias) | Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) | Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Other risk of bias (power & baseline imbalance) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct meta-analysis and network meta-analysis—RCTs of LDCT screening | |||||||
 DANTE [39] | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low & low |
 DLCST [41] | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low & low |
 ITALUNG [43] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear and low |
 LSS [44] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | High and low |
 LUSI [45] | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear and low |
 MILD [46] | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | High and high |
 NELSON [47] | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low and low |
 NLST [49] | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low and low |
 UKLS [52] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear and low |
Network meta-analysis (main) – RCTs of CXR screening | |||||||
 Czech [56] | Low | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Unclear and low |
Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low and low | |
Network meta-analysis (sensitivity)—RCTs of CXR screening (post hoc defined high-risk sub-group of larger RCT) | |||||||
 PLCO [62] | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | High and low |