Table 1 Study characteristics
Author | Year | Country | Population | Outcome | Methods used | Predictors | Sample size | EPV | Method of testing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Azeez et al. [25] | 2014 | Malaysia | ED | Triage level | NN, ANFIS | 20 | 2223 | Â | Random split sample (70:30) |
Caicedo-Torres et al. [26] | 2016 | Spain | ED | Discharge | LR, SVM, NN | 147 | 1205 | Â | Random split sample (80:20), 10-fCV |
Cameron et al. [27] | 2015 | Scotland | ED | Hospitalisation | LR | 9 | 215231 | Â | Random split sample (66:33), bootstrapping (10,000) |
Dinh et al. [28] | 2016 | Australia | ED | Hospitalisation | LR | 10 | 860832 | 9470 | Random split sample (50:50) |
Dugas et al. [29] | 2016 | USA | ED | Critical illness | LR | 9 | 97000000 | 525 | Random split sample (90:10), 10f-CV |
Golmohammadi [30] | 2016 | USA | ED | Hospitalisation | LR, NN | 8 | 7266 | 460.25 | Split sample (70:30) |
Goto et al. [31] | 2019 | USA | ED | Critical illness, hospitalisation | LR, LASSO, RF, GBDT, DNN | 5 | 52037 | 32.60 | Random split sample (70:30) |
Hong et al. [32] | 2018 | USA | ED | Hospitalisation | LR, GBDT, DNN | 972 | 560486 | 171.44 | Random split sample (90:10) |
Kim, D et al. [33] | 2018 | Korea | Prehospital | Critical illness | LR, RF, DNN | 5 | 460865 | 3583.60 | 10f-CV |
Kim, S et al. [34] | 2014 | Australia | ED | Hospitalisation | LR | 8 | 100123 | 1074.86 | Apparent performance |
Kwon et al. (1) [35] | 2018 | Korea | ED | Critical illness, hospitalisation | DNN, RF | 7 | 10967518 | 133667.89 | Split sample (50:50), + external validation dataset |
Kwon et al. (2) [36] | 2019 | Korea | ED | Critical illness, hospitalisation | DNN, RF, LR | 8 | 2937078 | 14047.57 | Split sample (50:50) |
Levin et al. [37] | 2018 | USA | ED | Critical illness, hospitalisation | RF | 6 | 172726 | 56.74 | Random split sample (66:33), bootstrapping |
Li et al. [38] | 2009 | USA | Pre-hospital | Hospitalisation | LR, NB, DT, SVM | 6 | 2784 | Â | 10f-CV |
Meisel et al. [39] | 2008 | USA | Pre-hospital | Hospitalisation | LR | 9 | 401 | Â | Bootstrap resampling (1000) |
Newgard et al. [40] | 2013 | USA | Prehospital | Critical illness | CART | 40 | 89261 | Â | Cross-validation |
Olivia et al. [41] | 2018 | India | ED | Triage level | DT, SVM, NN, NB | 8 | Â | Â | 10f-CV |
Raita et al. [42] | 2019 | USA | ED | Critical illness, hospitalisation | LR, LASSO, RF, GBDT, DNN | 6 | 135470 | 107 | Random split sample (70:30) |
Rendell et al. [43] | 2019 | Australia | ED | Hospitalisation | B, DT, LR, NN, NB, KNN | 11 | 1721294 | 5521 | 10f-CV |
Seymour et al. [44] | 2010 | USA | Prehospital | Critical illness | LR | 12 | 144913 | 156 | Random split sample (60:40) |
van Rein et al. [45] | 2019 | Netherlands | Prehospital | Critical illness | LR | 48 | 6859 | 3.4375 | Separate external validation |
Wang et al. [46] | 2013 | Taiwan | ED | Triage level | SVM | 6 | 3000 | Â | 10f-CV |
Zhang et al. [47] | 2017 | USA | ED | Hospitalisation | LR, NN | 25 | 47200 | 91.8 | 10f-CV |
Zlotnik et al. [48] | 2016 | Spain | ED | Hospitalisation | NN | 9 | 153970 | 614.5 | 10f-CV |
Zmiri et al. [49] | 2012 | Israel | ED | Triage level | NB, C4.5 | 4 | 402 | Â | 10f-CV |