Table 3 Prognostic factors for training improvement in verbal short-term memory
| Study | Test for outcome assessment | Dependent variable | Prognostic factor | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multiple regression | ||||||||
| Age | Education | Sex | Neuropsychology | Imaging | Others | |||
| de Lange et al., [32] | Word list | Standardized residuals | White matter microstructure → | |||||
| McDougall et al. [40] | HVLT RBMT | Relative gains | ↑ | Pre-test score ↑ | Ethnicity → | |||
| Neely and Bäckman [42] | Immediate recall of word list | Post-test scores | ↓ | ↑ | MMSE ↑ Pre-test score ↑ * | |||
| Rosi et al. [44] | Immediate recall of word list | Post-test scores | ↓ | Pre-test ↑* Working memory ↓ Fluid ability ↓ Crystallized ability ↑* Processing speed ↑ Short-term memory ↓ | ||||
| Sandberg et al. [45] | Number recall | Post-test scores | ↓* | Episodic memory ↑* Processing speed ↓ Working memory ↑* Verbal knowledge ↑ | ||||
| Brooks et al. [8] | Name recall | Post-test scores | ↑* | Pre-test score* | Pretraining x mnemonic training → | |||
| Correlation analysis | ||||||||
| Mohs et al. [21] | HVLT | Post-test scores | → | → | → | Subjective reported memory → | ||
| Kirchhoff, Anderson, Smith, Barch et al., [22] | Recognition memory decisions | Change score | Activity in frontal cortex ↑ | |||||
| Kirchhoff, Anderson, Smith et al., [22] | Recognition memory decisions | Change score | Activity in hippocampus ↑ | |||||
| Andrewes et al. [26] | Face-name test | Change score | NART → RAVT → Warrington Forced Choice Recognition ↑ | Depression → Mattis dementia scale → | ||||
| Bråthen et al. [29] | Immediate recall of word list | n.a. | Hippocampal volume ↑* Amplitude of low frequency fluctuation ↓ Fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation ↓* | |||||
| Finkel and Yesavage [35] | Immediate recall of word list | Gain scores | x | x | MMSE x | Openness of experience ↑* Depression x Extraversion x Neuroticism x | ||
| Hill et al. [37] | Face-name recall | Standardized residual scores | Rated confidence ↑ | |||||
| Hill et al. [38] | Face-name recall | Performance changes | MMSE ↑ | |||||
| Group comparisons (ANOVA, t test) | ||||||||
| Clark, Xu, Callahan et al., [30] | HVLT RAVL RBMT | Relative mean improvement | Obesity ↓* | |||||
| Clark, Xu, Unverzagtet al., [31] | HVLT RAVL RBMT | Relative mean improvement | → | |||||
| McDougall et al. [40] | HVLT RBMT | n.a. | ↓ | Ethnicity (Blacks and Hispanics scored lower than Whites) | ||||
| Mixed models | ||||||||
| Tomaszewski Farias et al. [34] | HVLT RAVL RBMT | Normalized residuals | Activities of daily living ↑ | |||||
| López-Higes et al. [39] | Word list recall Logical memory test | n.a. | Apolipoprotein E4 → | |||||
| No clear reporting | ||||||||
| Bissig and Lustig [28] | Rank-test | n.a. | ↓ | Crystallized intelligence ↑ | ||||
| de Lange et al., [33] | Word list | Standardized residuals | White matter microstructure ↑ | |||||