Table 3 Prognostic factors for training improvement in verbal short-term memory
Study | Test for outcome assessment | Dependent variable | Prognostic factor | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multiple regression | ||||||||
| Â | Â | Â | Age | Education | Sex | Neuropsychology | Imaging | Others |
de Lange et al., [32] | Word list | Standardized residuals |  |  |  |  | White matter microstructure → |  |
McDougall et al. [40] | HVLT RBMT | Relative gains | ↑ |  |  | Pre-test score ↑ |  | Ethnicity → |
Neely and Bäckman [42] | Immediate recall of word list | Post-test scores | ↓ | ↑ |  | MMSE ↑ Pre-test score ↑ * |  |  |
Rosi et al. [44] | Immediate recall of word list | Post-test scores | ↓ |  |  | Pre-test ↑* Working memory ↓ Fluid ability ↓ Crystallized ability ↑* Processing speed ↑ Short-term memory ↓ |  |  |
Sandberg et al. [45] | Number recall | Post-test scores | ↓* |  |  | Episodic memory ↑* Processing speed ↓ Working memory ↑* Verbal knowledge ↑ |  |  |
Brooks et al. [8] | Name recall | Post-test scores | ↑* |  |  | Pre-test score* |  | Pretraining x mnemonic training → |
Correlation analysis | ||||||||
Mohs et al. [21] | HVLT | Post-test scores | → | → | → |  |  | Subjective reported memory → |
Kirchhoff, Anderson, Smith, Barch et al., [22] | Recognition memory decisions | Change score |  |  |  |  | Activity in frontal cortex ↑ |  |
Kirchhoff, Anderson, Smith et al., [22] | Recognition memory decisions | Change score |  |  |  |  | Activity in hippocampus ↑ |  |
Andrewes et al. [26] | Face-name test | Change score |  |  |  | NART → RAVT → Warrington Forced Choice Recognition ↑ |  | Depression → Mattis dementia scale → |
Bråthen et al. [29] | Immediate recall of word list | n.a. |  |  |  |  | Hippocampal volume ↑* Amplitude of low frequency fluctuation ↓ Fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation ↓* |  |
Finkel and Yesavage [35] | Immediate recall of word list | Gain scores | x | x |  | MMSE x |  | Openness of experience ↑* Depression x Extraversion x Neuroticism x |
Hill et al. [37] | Face-name recall | Standardized residual scores |  |  |  |  |  | Rated confidence ↑ |
Hill et al. [38] | Face-name recall | Performance changes |  |  |  | MMSE ↑ |  |  |
Group comparisons (ANOVA, t test) | ||||||||
Clark, Xu, Callahan et al., [30] | HVLT RAVL RBMT | Relative mean improvement |  |  |  |  |  | Obesity ↓* |
Clark, Xu, Unverzagtet al., [31] | HVLT RAVL RBMT | Relative mean improvement |  | → |  |  |  |  |
McDougall et al. [40] | HVLT RBMT | n.a. |  | ↓ |  |  |  | Ethnicity (Blacks and Hispanics scored lower than Whites) |
Mixed models | ||||||||
Tomaszewski Farias et al. [34] | HVLT RAVL RBMT | Normalized residuals |  |  |  |  |  | Activities of daily living ↑ |
López-Higes et al. [39] | Word list recall Logical memory test | n.a. |  |  |  |  |  | Apolipoprotein E4 → |
No clear reporting | ||||||||
Bissig and Lustig [28] | Rank-test | n.a. | ↓ |  |  | Crystallized intelligence ↑ |  |  |
de Lange et al., [33] | Word list | Standardized residuals |  |  |  |  | White matter microstructure ↑ |  |