Table 4 Prognostic factors for training improvement in verbal long-term memory
Study | Test for outcome assessment | Dependent variable | Prognostic factor | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multiple regression | ||||||||
Age | Education | Sex | Neuropsychology | Imaging | Others | |||
O'Hara et al. [9] | Number of words correctly recalled. | Post-test scores Pre-test and change scores were integrated in regression. | ↓ | ↑ | Gain scores following training ↑ * | Length of training (short vs. long) ↑ Reported use of mnemonic at follow-up ↑ * Type of pre-training (standard vs. comprehensive) ↓ Pre-training ↑ * | ||
Brooks et al. [8] | Proper name recall task | Post-test scores | ↑ * | Pre-test score →* | Pre-training * Length → Length of training → Pre-training → | |||
McDougall et al. [40] | RBMT | Change score Relative gains from beginning to end of training | ↑ | x | Ethnical group x | |||
Park et al. [7] | Elderly verbal learning test, delayed recall However, results are reported for “cognitive function” as outcome measure, which is not clearly defined | Change score Post-pre | → | ↓* | → | Pre-test scores of neuropsychological tests (Digit Span Test, Spatial Span Test, Categorical Fluency Test, short version of Boston Naming test) → | ||
Pesce et al. [20] | RVLT | Change score Post-pre | Change in dROMs ↓ Change in BAP ↑ | |||||
Correlation analysis | ||||||||
Leahy, Ridout, Mushtaq et al., [25] | Autobiographical memory specificity | Change score | Independence Depression Functional limitations Memory specificity | |||||
Andrewes et al. [26] | Laboratory Prospective Memory Assessment Everyday Prospective Memory Assessment | Change score | NART → Warrington Forced Choice Recognition → RAVT → | Mattis dementia scale → Depression → | ||||
Anschutz et al. [27] | Free recall of 2 lists Recognition of 2 lists | No clear reporting. | No clear reporting. | |||||
Hill et al. [38] | Improvement in list recall | Change scores | MMSE ↑ | |||||
Leahy, Ridout, and Holland, [24] | Autobiographical memory specificity. | Change scores | Baseline cognitive flexibility ↑ | |||||
Group comparisons (ANOVA, t test) | ||||||||
McDougall et al. [40] | RBMT | Pre-test and Post-test scores calculated in an ANOVA. | x | x | Ethnicity x | |||
O’Hara et al., [43] | List-learning test | Pre-test and Post-test scores calculated in an ANOVA. | Apolipoprotein E4 ↓ | |||||
Mixed models | ||||||||
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